Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Particracy shopping experience:

1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Particracy offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Particracy at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.

2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about

3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Particracy? Wrong! If the Particracy is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.

4. Questions - Got a question about Particracy then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....

5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Particracy? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Particracy and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.

6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Particracy wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.

7. Feedback - happy with your Particracy then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.

8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Particracy site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site

9. Contact - got a question about Particracy, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.

10. Payment - ready to pay for your Particracy, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.

Particracy (also 'partitocracy', 'partocracy', or 'partitocrazia') is a de facto form of government where the will of one or more political parties in power dominates political life, not the will of individual politicians.

Rationale and types Particracy is more likely to exist in a democracy using proportional representation in elections than in a system that uses the first past the post system.It also tends to install itself as the cost of campaigning and the impact of the media increase so that it can be prevalent at the national level with large electoral districts but absent at a local level; a few prominent politicians of renown may hold enough influence on public opinion to resist their party or dominate it.

The ultimate particracy is the single-party state while in a sense that is not a true party, for it does not perform the essential function to rival other parties. There it is often installed by law, while in multi-party states particracy cannot be imposed or effectively prevented by law.

In multi-party regimes, the degree of individual autonomy within each can vary according to the party rules and traditions, and depending on whether a party is in power, and if so alone (mostly in a de facto two party-system) or in a coalition. The mathematical need to form a coalition on the one hand prevents a single party from getting a potentially total grip, on the other hand provides the perfect excuse not to be accountable to the voter for not delivering the party program promises.

Examples The German party systems established after World War II provide examples of particracies.More explicitly than in most European parliamentary systems, the party plays a dominant role in the German Federal Republic's politics, far outstripping the role of individuals. Article 21 of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany states, "the political parties shall participate in the forming of the political will of the people. They may be freely established. Their internal organization must conform to democratic principles. They must publicly account for the sources of their funds." The 1967 "Law on Parties" further solidified the role of parties in the political process and addressed party organization, membership rights, and specific procedures, such as the nomination of candidates for office. The educational function noted in Article 21 ("forming of the political will") suggests that parties should help define public opinion rather than simply carry out the wishes of the electorate.

On the other side of the Iron Curtain, the former German Democratic republic (DDR, 'East Germany') was hardly democratic, but at least in theory more than, say, the USSR in as far as the communist party allowed the existence of eternally minority small interest group parties.

The Italian 'Partitocrazia' It has been alleged that Italian parties have retained too much power in the Politics of Italy#First Republic, screening the choices citizens had in elections; this electoral law would reinstate fixed electoral lists, where voters can only express a preference for a list but not for a specific candidate. This can be used by parties to all but guarantee re-election to unpopular but powerful figures, who would be weaker in a first past the post electoral system.

The nearly pure proportional representation system of the First Republic had resulted not only in party fragmentation and therefore governmental instability, but also insulation of the parties from the electorate and civil society. This was known in Italian as partitocrazia, in contrast to democracy, and resulted in corruption and pork-barrel politics. The Italian constitution allows, with substantial hurdles, abrogative referendums, enabling citizens to delete laws or parts of laws past by Parliament (with exceptions).

A reform movement known as COREL (Committee to Promote Referendums on Elections), led by maverick DC-member Mario Segni, proposed three referendums, one of which was allowed by the Constitutional Court (at that time packed with members of the PSI and hostile to the movement). The June 1991 referendum therefore asked voters if they wanted to reduce the number of Open list, from three or four to one in the Chamber of Deputies to reduce the abuse of the open-list system by party elites and ensure accurate delegation of parliamentary seats to candidates popular with voters. With 62.5% of the Italian electorate voting, the referendum passed with 95% of those voting in favor. This was seen as a vote against the partitocrazia, which had campaigned against the referendum.

Emboldened by their victory in 1991 and encouraged by the unfolding Mani pulite scandals and the substantial loss of votes for the traditional parties in the 1992 general elections, the reformers pushed forward with another referendum, abrogating the proportional representation system of the Italian Senate and implicitly supporting a plurality system that would theoretically force parties to coalesce around two ideological poles, thereby providing governmental stability. This referendum was held in April 1993 and passed with the support of 80% of those voting. This caused the Amato government to collapse three days later.

Online game "Particracy" is also a name for an internet game where one plays as a political party, proposing new laws and voting. It has an election system which serves to determine the player's seats in the legislature and thus their political power. It requires some strategy as they will need to form coalitions and negotiate deals, as well as campaign to victory. The game offers some diplomatic features, such as international treaties and party organizations. Development on the game has ceased as a new version with the codename Paragon is in development, promising features like an economy and campaigning which were previously planned to be included in the original version.

External links

• Particracy.net
• Particracy Wiki
• Particracy Forums

Particracy (also 'partitocracy', 'partocracy', or 'partitocrazia') is a de facto form of government where the will of one or more political parties in power dominates political life, not the will of individual politicians.

Rationale and types Particracy is more likely to exist in a democracy using proportional representation in elections than in a system that uses the first past the post system.It also tends to install itself as the cost of campaigning and the impact of the media increase so that it can be prevalent at the national level with large electoral districts but absent at a local level; a few prominent politicians of renown may hold enough influence on public opinion to resist their party or dominate it.

The ultimate particracy is the single-party state while in a sense that is not a true party, for it does not perform the essential function to rival other parties. There it is often installed by law, while in multi-party states particracy cannot be imposed or effectively prevented by law.

In multi-party regimes, the degree of individual autonomy within each can vary according to the party rules and traditions, and depending on whether a party is in power, and if so alone (mostly in a de facto two party-system) or in a coalition. The mathematical need to form a coalition on the one hand prevents a single party from getting a potentially total grip, on the other hand provides the perfect excuse not to be accountable to the voter for not delivering the party program promises.

Examples The German party systems established after World War II provide examples of particracies.More explicitly than in most European parliamentary systems, the party plays a dominant role in the German Federal Republic's politics, far outstripping the role of individuals. Article 21 of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany states, "the political parties shall participate in the forming of the political will of the people. They may be freely established. Their internal organization must conform to democratic principles. They must publicly account for the sources of their funds." The 1967 "Law on Parties" further solidified the role of parties in the political process and addressed party organization, membership rights, and specific procedures, such as the nomination of candidates for office. The educational function noted in Article 21 ("forming of the political will") suggests that parties should help define public opinion rather than simply carry out the wishes of the electorate.

On the other side of the Iron Curtain, the former German Democratic republic (DDR, 'East Germany') was hardly democratic, but at least in theory more than, say, the USSR in as far as the communist party allowed the existence of eternally minority small interest group parties.

The Italian 'Partitocrazia' It has been alleged that Italian parties have retained too much power in the Politics of Italy#First Republic, screening the choices citizens had in elections; this electoral law would reinstate fixed electoral lists, where voters can only express a preference for a list but not for a specific candidate. This can be used by parties to all but guarantee re-election to unpopular but powerful figures, who would be weaker in a first past the post electoral system.

The nearly pure proportional representation system of the First Republic had resulted not only in party fragmentation and therefore governmental instability, but also insulation of the parties from the electorate and civil society. This was known in Italian as partitocrazia, in contrast to democracy, and resulted in corruption and pork-barrel politics. The Italian constitution allows, with substantial hurdles, abrogative referendums, enabling citizens to delete laws or parts of laws past by Parliament (with exceptions).

A reform movement known as COREL (Committee to Promote Referendums on Elections), led by maverick DC-member Mario Segni, proposed three referendums, one of which was allowed by the Constitutional Court (at that time packed with members of the PSI and hostile to the movement). The June 1991 referendum therefore asked voters if they wanted to reduce the number of Open list, from three or four to one in the Chamber of Deputies to reduce the abuse of the open-list system by party elites and ensure accurate delegation of parliamentary seats to candidates popular with voters. With 62.5% of the Italian electorate voting, the referendum passed with 95% of those voting in favor. This was seen as a vote against the partitocrazia, which had campaigned against the referendum.

Emboldened by their victory in 1991 and encouraged by the unfolding Mani pulite scandals and the substantial loss of votes for the traditional parties in the 1992 general elections, the reformers pushed forward with another referendum, abrogating the proportional representation system of the Italian Senate and implicitly supporting a plurality system that would theoretically force parties to coalesce around two ideological poles, thereby providing governmental stability. This referendum was held in April 1993 and passed with the support of 80% of those voting. This caused the Amato government to collapse three days later.

Online game "Particracy" is also a name for an internet game where one plays as a political party, proposing new laws and voting. It has an election system which serves to determine the player's seats in the legislature and thus their political power. It requires some strategy as they will need to form coalitions and negotiate deals, as well as campaign to victory. The game offers some diplomatic features, such as international treaties and party organizations. Development on the game has ceased as a new version with the codename Paragon is in development, promising features like an economy and campaigning which were previously planned to be included in the original version.

External links

• Particracy.net
• Particracy Wiki
• Particracy Forums